Data in the MMWR

A purposive review with recommendations

A purposive review of the MMWR with recommendations

Data in the MMWR

The original purpose of this project was to develop and propose guidance for MMWR authors, reviewers of MMWR reports, and MMWR scientific editors. This version is adapted for sharing with learners, as a collection of examples of closely reviewing public health reports. We reviewed 56 full reports published between January 2019 and May 2022, to identify specific practices regarding presentations of data, analytic methods and results, tables and graphics, and interpretation of results. We also reviewed guidance from journals, the American Statistical Association, the International Committee of Medical Journal Editors, and related sources.

Navigating this review on the web

The web-based version of this review features convenient navigation features that adapt to the size of your screen. Links to the previous section and next section appear at the bottom of each page. In a full size browser, the main body appears in a center column, and a table of contents (with live hyperlinks) appears on the left and subsections of the current section (“On this page”) appear on the right. On a smaller screen, the main body could appear with or without the additional navigation on the side. A built-in search box allows you to find specific terms in the review.

The web version was produced using Quarto in Positron.

A PDF version of this review is available.

© 2025 by Chad Heilig, licensed under CC BY-SA 4.0

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DeSisto CL, Wallace B, Simeone RM, Polen K, Ko JY, Meaney-Delman D, Ellington SR. 2021-11. Risk for stillbirth among women with and without COVID-19 at delivery hospitalization — United States, March 2020–September 2021. MMWR Morb. Mortal. Wkly. Rep. 70(47):1640–1645. https://doi.org/10.15585/mmwr.mm7047e1

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Doyle JD, Chung JR, Kim SS, Gaglani M, Raiyani C, Zimmerman RK, Nowalk MP, Jackson ML, Jackson LA, Monto AS, et al. 2019-02. Interim estimates of 2018–19 seasonal influenza vaccine effectiveness — United States, February 2019. MMWR Morb. Mortal. Wkly. Rep. 68(6):135–139. https://doi.org/10.15585/mmwr.mm6806a2

Ellington S, Strid P, Tong VT, Woodworth K, Galang RR, Zambrano LD, Nahabedian J, Anderson K, Gilboa SM. 2020-06. Characteristics of women of reproductive age with laboratory-confirmed SARS-CoV-2 infection by pregnancy status — United States, January 22–June 7, 2020. MMWR Morb. Mortal. Wkly. Rep. 69(25):769–775. https://doi.org/10.15585/mmwr.mm6925a1

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Falk A, Benda A, Falk P, Steffen S, Wallace Z, Høeg TB. 2021-01. COVID-19 cases and transmission in 17 K–12 schools — Wood County, Wisconsin, August 31–November 29, 2020. MMWR Morb. Mortal. Wkly. Rep. 70(4):136–140. https://doi.org/10.15585/mmwr.mm7004e3

Few S. 2008-03. Dual-scaled axes in graphs: Are they ever the best solution? https://www.perceptualedge.com/articles/visual_business_intelligence/dual-scaled_axes.pdf

Fisher KA, Barile JP, Guerin RJ, Vanden Esschert KL, Jeffers A, Tian LH, Garcia-Williams A, Gurbaxani B, Thompson WW, Prue CE. 2020-07. Factors associated with cloth face covering use among adults during the COVID-19 pandemic — United States, April and May 2020. MMWR Morb. Mortal. Wkly. Rep. 69(28):933–937. https://doi.org/10.15585/mmwr.mm6928e3

Fisher KA, Tenforde MW, Feldstein LR, Lindsell CJ, Shapiro NI, Files DC, Gibbs KW, Erickson HL, Prekker ME, Steingrub JS, et al. 2020-09. Community and close contact exposures associated with COVID-19 among symptomatic adults ≥18 years in 11 outpatient health care facilities — United States, July 2020. MMWR Morb. Mortal. Wkly. Rep. 69(36):1258–1264. https://doi.org/10.15585/mmwr.mm6936a5

García MC, Heilig CM, Lee SH, Faul M, Guy G, Iademarco MF, Hempstead K, Raymond D, Gray J. 2019-01. Opioid prescribing rates in nonmetropolitan and metropolitan counties among primary care providers using an electronic health record system — United States, 2014–2017. MMWR Morb. Mortal. Wkly. Rep. 68(2):25–30. https://doi.org/10.15585/mmwr.mm6802a1

Gettings J, Czarnik M, Morris E, Haller E, Thompson-Paul AM, Rasberry C, Lanzieri TM, Smith-Grant J, Aholou TM, Thomas E, et al. 2021-05. Mask use and ventilation improvements to reduce COVID-19 incidence in elementary schools — Georgia, November 16–December 11, 2020. MMWR Morb. Mortal. Wkly. Rep. 70(21):779–784. https://doi.org/10.15585/mmwr.mm7021e1

Gilbert LK, Strine TW, Szucs LE, Crawford TN, Parks SE, Barradas DT, Njai R, Ko JY. 2020-12. Racial and ethnic differences in parental attitudes and concerns about school reopening during the COVID-19 pandemic — United States, July 2020. MMWR Morb. Mortal. Wkly. Rep. 69(49):1848–1852. https://doi.org/10.15585/mmwr.mm6949a2

Griffin JB, Haddix M, Danza P, Fisher R, Koo TH, Traub E, Gounder P, Jarashow C, Balter S. 2021-08. SARS-CoV-2 infections and hospitalizations among persons aged ≥16 years, by vaccination status — Los Angeles County, California, May 1–July 25, 2021. MMWR Morb. Mortal. Wkly. Rep. 70(34):1170–1176. https://doi.org/10.15585/mmwr.mm7034e5

Guy GP, Lee FC, Sunshine G, McCord R, Howard-Williams M, Kompaniyets L, Dunphy C, Gakh M, Weber R, Sauber-Schatz E, et al. 2021-03. Association of state-issued mask mandates and allowing on-premises restaurant dining with county-level COVID-19 case and death growth rates — United States, March 1–December 31, 2020. MMWR Morb. Mortal. Wkly. Rep. 70(10):350–354. https://doi.org/10.15585/mmwr.mm7010e3

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Kompaniyets L, Goodman AB, Belay B, Freedman DS, Sucosky MS, Lange SJ, Gundlapalli AV, Boehmer TK, Blanck HM. 2021-03. Body mass index and risk for COVID-19–related hospitalization, intensive care unit admission, invasive mechanical ventilation, and death — United States, March–December 2020. MMWR Morb. Mortal. Wkly. Rep. 70(10):355–361. https://doi.org/10.15585/mmwr.mm7010e4

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Patel MK, Dumolard L, Nedelec Y, Sodha SV, Steulet C, Gacic-Dobo M, Kretsinger K, McFarland J, Rota PA, Goodson JL. 2019-12. Progress toward regional measles elimination — worldwide, 2000–2018. MMWR Morb. Mortal. Wkly. Rep. 68(48):1105–1111. https://doi.org/10.15585/mmwr.mm6848a1

Payne DC, Smith-Jeffcoat SE, Nowak G, Chukwuma U, Geibe JR, Hawkins RJ, Johnson JA, Thornburg NJ, Schiffer J, Weiner Z, et al. 2020-06. SARS-CoV-2 infections and serologic responses from a sample of U.S. Navy service members — USS Theodore Roosevelt, April 2020. MMWR Morb. Mortal. Wkly. Rep. 69(23):714–721. https://doi.org/10.15585/mmwr.mm6923e4

Pentoney CS, Berger DE. 2016-04. Confidence intervals and the within-the-bar bias. The American Statistician. 70(2):215–220. https://doi.org/10.1080/00031305.2016.1141706

Peterson C, Luo F, Florence C. 2021-12. State-level economic costs of fatal injuries — United States, 2019. MMWR Morb. Mortal. Wkly. Rep. 70(48):1660–1663. https://doi.org/10.15585/mmwr.mm7048a2

Peterson C, Miller GF, Barnett SBL, Florence C. 2021-12. Economic cost of injury — United States, 2019. MMWR Morb. Mortal. Wkly. Rep. 70(48):1655–1659. https://doi.org/10.15585/mmwr.mm7048a1

Peterson C, Sussell A, Li J, Schumacher PK, Yeoman K, Stone DM. 2020-01. Suicide rates by industry and occupation — National Violent Death Reporting System, 32 States, 2016. MMWR Morb. Mortal. Wkly. Rep. 69(3):57–62. https://doi.org/10.15585/mmwr.mm6903a1

Pray IW, Ford L, Cole D, Lee C, Bigouette JP, Abedi GR, Bushman D, Delahoy MJ, Currie D, Cherney B, et al. 2021-01. Performance of an antigen-based test for asymptomatic and symptomatic SARS-CoV-2 testing at two university campuses — Wisconsin, September–October 2020. MMWR Morb. Mortal. Wkly. Rep. 69(5152):1642–1647. https://doi.org/10.15585/mmwr.mm695152a3

Sapkota S, Caruso E, Kobau R, Radhakrishnan L, Jobst B, DeVies J, Tian N, Hogan RE, Zack MM, Pastula DM. 2022-05. Seizure- or epilepsy-related emergency department visits before and during the COVID-19 pandemic — United States, 2019–2021. MMWR Morb. Mortal. Wkly. Rep. 71(21):703–708. https://doi.org/10.15585/mmwr.mm7121a2

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Schieber LZ, Guy GP, Seth P, Losby JL. 2020-03. Variation in adult outpatient opioid prescription dispensing by age and sex — United States, 2008–2018. MMWR Morb. Mortal. Wkly. Rep. 69(11):298–302. https://doi.org/10.15585/mmwr.mm6911a5

Scobie HM, Johnson AG, Suthar AB, Severson R, Alden NB, Balter S, Bertolino D, Blythe D, Brady S, Cadwell B, et al. 2021-09. Monitoring incidence of COVID-19 cases, hospitalizations, and deaths, by vaccination status — 13 U.S. jurisdictions, April 4–July 17, 2021. MMWR Morb. Mortal. Wkly. Rep. 70(37):1284–1290. https://doi.org/10.15585/mmwr.mm7037e1

Self WH, Tenforde MW, Stubblefield WB, Feldstein LR, Steingrub JS, Shapiro NI, Ginde AA, Prekker ME, Brown SM, Peltan ID, et al. 2020-09. Seroprevalence of SARS-CoV-2 among frontline health care personnel in a multistate hospital network — 13 academic medical centers, April–June 2020. MMWR Morb. Mortal. Wkly. Rep. 69(35):1221–1226. https://doi.org/10.15585/mmwr.mm6935e2

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